Indium oxide conductive film structures

ABSTRACT

One-transistor ferroelectric memory devices using an indium oxide film (In 2 O 3 ), an In 2 O 3  film structure, and corresponding fabrication methods have been provided. The method for controlling resistivity in an In 2 O 3  film comprises: depositing an In film using a PVD process, typically with a power in the range of 200 to 300 watts; forming a film including In overlying a substrate material; simultaneously (with the formation of the In-including film) heating the substrate material, typically the substrate is heated to a temperature in the range of 20 to 200 degrees C.; following the formation of the In-including film, post-annealing, typically in an O2 atmosphere; and, in response to the post-annealing: forming an In 2 O 3  film; and, controlling the resistivity in the In 2 O 3  film. For example, the resistivity can be controlled in the range of 260 to 800 ohm-cm.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Divisional of a pending patent application entitled, INDIUM OXIDE CONDUCTIVE FILM, invented by Li et al., Ser. No. 10/741,803, filed Dec. 18, 2003.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention generally relates to integrated circuit (IC) fabrication and, more particularly, to an indium oxide (In₂O₃) film with a controlled resistivity for use in ferroelectric memory devices, and a method for fabricating the same.

2. Description of the Related Art

One-transistor (1T) ferroelectric memory devices are conventionally made with MFMOS (Metal, Ferroelectrics, Metal, Oxide and Silicon) or MFOS (Metal, Ferroelectrics, Oxide, and Silicon). The retention properties of 1T ferroelectric memories present a considerable technical challenge, due to the generation of a depolarization field once the device has been programmed. Three possible mechanisms may be responsible for the poor retention of 1T ferroelectric memories, namely: leakage current; trapped charge within the ferroelectric film; and, the depolarization field. Because the leakage current increases with increasing the temperature, the leakage current may seriously affect the retention properties at high temperatures. Trapped charges in the ferroelectric film are due to the high density of internal defects. Trapped charges, working together with leakage current, may also affect the retention property. The retention time (t) for a 1T device that has a remnant polarization (Pr), leakage current (I) and a trapping density (d) may be estimated to be t=Pr/Id. The formula shows that higher leakage current and trapping density result in poor retention properties.

On the other hand, for 1T MFMOS memory devices, the floating gate may be neutralized because of the leakage current, and the remnant polarization of ferroelectric materials cannot be applied to the channel. In this case, the memory function of 1T MFMOS devices will be lost. The depolarization field applied to the ferroelectric dielectric after programming is due to the existence of an oxide capacitor in series with the ferroelectric capacitor in both MFMOS and MFOS memory cells. The linear capacitor tends to discharge all stored charge and, therefore, generate a voltage opposed to the ferroelectric polarization, which can be expressed as Q_(R)/(C_(FE)+C_(OX)), where Q_(R) is the remnant charge, C_(FE) and C_(OX), are the capacitances of the ferroelectric and oxide capacitors, respectively. The depolarization field, opposes the ferroelectric film polarization, and decreases the initial applied polarization so that, in time, the polarization reaches a steady state. The result is a 1T FE memory device with poor memory-retention properties, especially at higher temperatures. That is, the memory state of the device is retained for a relatively short life, on the order of one month.

It would be advantageous if a thin film could be developed with a controlled resistivity, for the replacement of a gate insulator material in a 1T FE memory device.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In order to overcome the above-mentioned problems the present invention introduces a metal/ferroelectric/metal/on semiconductive metal oxide on silicon structure, as well as a metal/ferroelectric gate stack on semiconductive metal oxide on silicon substrate structure. These two device structures do no have an insulator oxide capacitor in series with the ferroelectric capacitor and floating gate. Therefore, the memory retention time associated with these devices is much longer than the prior art structures.

The present invention solves the above-mentioned problems by using a Metal/FE/In₂O₃/Si or Metal/FE/Metal/In₂O₃/Si one-transistor ferroelectric memory device. The memory retention properties of MFMox devices are improved in response to controlling the electrical properties, such as resistivity, of In₂O₃ thin film, as formed on Si or a metal. More specifically, the present invention describes the control of the electrical properties of In₂O₃ thin films, as deposited on Pt, Si and SiO₂, using physical vapor deposition (PVD) and post-annealing processes. Also described is the use of the controlled In₂O₃ films in MFMox FeRAM applications.

Accordingly, a method is provided for controlling resistivity in an In₂O₃ film. The method comprises: depositing an In film using a PVD process, typically with a power in the range of 200 to 300 watts; forming a film including In overlying a substrate material; simultaneously (with the formation of the In-including film) heating the substrate material, typically the substrate is heated to a temperature in the range of 20 to 200 degrees C.; following the formation of the In-including film, post-annealing, typically in an O2 atmosphere; in response to the post-annealing: forming an In₂O₃ film; and, controlling the resistivity in the In₂O₃ film. For example, the resistivity can be controlled in the range of 260 to 800 ohm-cm.

In one aspect of the method the In film is formed in a 0% oxygen partial pressure environment, with a thickness in the range of 5 to 50 nanometers (nm). Then, post-annealing in an O2 atmosphere includes annealing at a temperature in the range between 500 and 800 degrees C., for a time duration in the range between 5 to 60 minutes.

Alternately, an InOx film is formed in an oxygen partial pressure environment in the range between 0.01 and 60%, with a thickness in the range of 10 to 100 nm. Then, post-annealing in an O2 atmosphere includes annealing at a temperature in the range of 400 to 800 degrees C., for a time duration in the range between 5 and 60 minutes.

Possible substrate materials include platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), other noble metals, silicon (Si), high-k oxides, and silicon dioxide (SiO₂).

Additional details of the above-described method, a method for forming a one-transistor (1T) memory device using an In₂O₃ film as a gate insulator replacement material, and an In₂O₃ film structure are provided below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of the present invention indium oxide (In₂O₃) film structure.

FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of the present invention 1T memory device using an In₂O₃ film as a gate insulator.

FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view of another aspect of a 1T memory device using an In₂O₃ film as an insulator.

FIG. 5 is a figure showing the X-ray patterns of In₂O₃ thin films deposited on Pt, with various oxygen partial pressures, at a substrate temperature of 200° C.

FIG. 6 is a figure showing the relationship between resistivity and oxygen partial pressure.

FIG. 7 is a figure shows the X-ray patterns of In₂O₃ thin films deposited on Si at various substrate temperatures.

FIG. 8 is a figure showing the relationship between grain size and substrate temperature.

FIG. 9 is a figure showing the relationship between sheet resistance and substrate temperature.

FIG. 10 is a figure showing the relationship between phase and sputtering power.

FIG. 11 is a figure showing the effects of post-annealing.

FIG. 12 is a figure showing the effects of post-annealing on the resistivity of InO_(x)thin films, as deposited on Pt.

FIG. 13 is a figure showing the effects of post-annealing on the phase formation In thin films deposited on Pt.

FIG. 14 is a figure showing the effects of post-annealing on the resistivity of In thin films deposited on Pt.

FIG. 15 is a figure showing the relationship between annealing temperature and resistivity, when In₂O₃ film is formed overlying a Si substrate.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating the present invention method for controlling resistivity in an In₂O₃ .

FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating the present invention method for forming a 1T memory device using an In₂O₃ film as a gate insulator replacement material.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating the present invention method for forming a 1T memory device using an In₂O₃ film as an insulator.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of the present invention indium oxide (In₂O₃ ) film structure. The film structure 100 comprises a substrate 102 and an In₂O₃ film 104 overlying the substrate 102, having a resistivity in the range of 260 to 800 ohm-cm. The substrate 102 can be a material such as platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), other noble metals, silicon (Si), high-k oxides, or silicon dioxide (SiO₂).

FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of the present invention 1T memory device using an In₂O₃ film as a gate insulator. The device 200 comprises a CMOS transistor gate 202, source 204, drain 206, and channel region 208. A gate insulator 210 is formed from an In₂O₃ thin film 211, interposed between the channel region 208 and the gate 202. The In₂O₃ film 211 has a resistivity in the range of 260 to 800 ohm-cm. A memory cell film 212 overlies the gate electrode 202. A top electrode 214 overlies the memory cell film 212.

The In₂O₃ thin film 211 includes crystals having a grain size in the range of 3 to 30 nanometers (nm). The In₂O₃ thin film 211 has a thickness 216 in the range 5 to 100 nm.

A material 218 can be interposed between the channel 208 and the In₂O₃ film 211. The material 218 can be Pt, Ir, other noble metals, Si, high-k oxides, or SiO₂.

When the device 200 has a gate channel length 220 of 0.1 micron, then the In₂O₃ film gate insulator 211 has a resistivity of 700 ohm-cm. When the gate channel length 220 is 100 microns, the In₂O₃ film gate insulator 211 has a resistivity of 300 ohm-cm. When gate channel length 220 is in the range of 1 to 10 microns, the In₂O₃ film gate insulator 211 has a resistivity in the range of 400 to 300 ohm-cm. A lower resistivity is associated with longer channel lengths.

FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view of another aspect of a 1T memory device using an In₂O₃ film as an insulator. The device 400 includes a CMOS transistor gate 402, source 404, drain 406, and channel region 408. An insulator 410 is formed from an In₂O₃ thin film 412 overlying the gate 402. The In₂O₃ film 412 has a resistivity in the range of 260 to 800 ohm-cm. A memory cell film 414 overlies the In₂O₃ thin film 412. A top electrode 416 overlies the memory cell film 414.

As above, the In₂O₃ thin film 412 includes crystals having a grain size in the range of 3 to 30 nm, and has a thickness 418 in the range 5 to 100 nm. A material 420 may be interposed between the memory cell film 414 and the In₂O₃ film 412, such as Pt, Ir, other noble metals, Si, high-k oxides, or SiO_(2.)

As above, when the gate 402 has a gate channel length 420 of 0.1 micron, the In₂O₃ film 412 has a resistivity of 700 ohm-cm. When the gate channel length 420 is 100 microns, the In₂O₃ film 412 has a resistivity of 300 ohm-cm. When the gate channel length 420 is in the range of 1 to 10 microns, the In₂O₃ film 412 has a resistivity in the range of 400 to 300 ohm-cm.

Functional Description

Experimentally, In₂O₃ thin films were deposited on Pt, Si and SiO₂, DC sputtering an In target at various oxygen partial pressures, sputtering power levels, and substrate temperatures. The phase, grain size, and the resistance of the In₂O₃ thin films are responsive to PVD and post-annealing process conditions.

In a first experiment, P type Si (100), SiO₂/Si wafers, and Pt/Ti/SiO₂/Si were used as substrates for In₂O₃ thin film depositions. For In₂O₃ deposited on Si, the Si wafers were dipped in HF (50:1) for 5 seconds before In₂O₃ depositions. For In₂O₃ deposited on SiO₂, the Si wafers were CVD deposited SiO₂ with a thickness of about 200 nm. The In target DC sputtering conditions were as follows.

-   -   DC sputtering power: 200-300 W     -   Oxygen partial pressures: 0-60%     -   Substrate temperatures: 20-200° C.     -   Post-annealing temperatures: 400-850° C.

FIG. 5 is a figure showing the X-ray patterns of In₂O₃ thin films deposited on Pt, with various oxygen partial pressures, at a substrate temperature of 200° C. With increasing oxygen partial pressure, the In thin film transforms to indium oxide.

FIG. 6 is a figure showing the relationship between resistivity and oxygen partial pressure. The resistivity of In₂O₃ thin films deposited on Pt increases, with increasing oxygen partial pressure.

FIG. 7 is a figure shows the X-ray patterns of In₂O₃ thin films deposited on Si at various substrate temperatures. With increasing substrate temperatures, the In₂O₃ thin films changes from a nanocrystal structure, to polycrystalline thin films. In₂O₃ thin films deposited on Si and SiO₂ exhibit similar behavior.

FIG. 8 is a figure showing the relationship between grain size and substrate temperature. The grain size increases from 3 nm to 30 nm, by increasing substrate temperature from 100° C. to 200° C.

FIG. 9 is a figure showing the relationship between sheet resistance and substrate temperature. The sheet resistance of In₂O₃ thin films decreases, with an increase in substrate temperature.

FIG. 10 is a figure showing the relationship between phase and sputtering power. There is no significant change of phase formation of In₂O₃ thin films deposited on Si substrate at various sputtering powers. The deposition rate increases a little, and sheet resistances decrease with an increase in DC sputtering power.

FIG. 11 is a figure showing the effects of post-annealing. The effects of post-annealing on the phase formation of InO_(x)thin films, deposited on Pt, are shown. As-deposited InO_(x)phase thin films have an oxygen deficiency. After annealing at 400° C. for 5 minutes, in an oxygen atmosphere, the InO_(x)thin film is mostly transformed into an In₂O₃ thin film. The In₂O₃ peaks increase with an increase in annealing temperatures, meaning that the grain size of In₂O₃ thin film increases with increasing temperatures.

FIG. 12 is a figure showing the effects of post-annealing on the resistivity of InO_(x)thin films, as deposited on Pt. The resistivity increases with increasing temperature due to the In oxidation. After reaching a maximum value at around 600 degrees C., the resistivity decreases with increasing temperature due to a growth in the grain size.

FIG. 13 is a figure showing the effects of post-annealing on the phase formation In thin films deposited on Pt. These films were deposited in a 0% partial pressure. The as-deposited In phase thin film is annealed at 400° C. for 5 minutes, in an oxygen atmosphere. The In thin film is initially transformed into InO_(x)thin film with oxygen deficiencies. In₂O₃ peaks increase, and the In peaks decrease and disappear at higher annealing temperatures. Thus, full oxidation occurs along with an increase in In₂O₃ thin film grain size, in response to increased temperatures.

FIG. 14 is a figure showing the effects of post-annealing on the resistivity of In thin films deposited on Pt. The resistivity increases with increasing temperature due to the In oxidation. After reaching a maximum value at around 600 degrees C., the resistivity decreases as temperature is increased, in response to an increase in crystal grain size.

FIG. 15 is a figure showing the relationship between annealing temperature and resistivity, when In₂O₃ film is formed overlying a Si substrate.

Based on above experimental results, it is observed that the electrical properties of In and In₂O₃ thin films can be controlled using PVD and post-annealing process conditions such as oxygen partial pressure, sputtering power, the thickness of the InO_(x) thin films, post-annealing temperature, and other ambient conditions.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating the present invention method for controlling resistivity in an In₂O₃ . Although the method is depicted as a sequence of numbered steps for clarity, no order should be inferred from the numbering unless explicitly stated. It should be understood that some of these steps may be skipped, performed in parallel, or performed without the requirement of maintaining a strict order of sequence. The method starts at Step 1600.

Step 1602 deposits an In film using a PVD process. Typically, Step 1602 includes DC sputtering with a power in the range of 200 to 300 watts. Step 1604 forms a film including In overlying a substrate material. Step 1606 simultaneously (with Step 1604) heats the substrate material. Typically, the substrate is heated to a temperature in the range of 20 to 200 degrees C. Step 1608 post-anneals, following the formation of the In-including film. As is understood in the art, a post-annealing is understood to a step separate from the other above-mentioned steps, and may be carried out at a different time and/or in a different process chamber. Typically, Step 1608 is performed in an O₂ atmosphere. Step 1610 has substeps responsive to the post-annealing in Step 1608. Step 1610 a forms an In₂O₃ film. Step 1610 b controls the resistivity in the In₂O₃ film. For example, the In₂O₃ film can have resistivity in the range of 260 to 800 ohm-cm.

In one aspect of the method, Step 1604 forms an In film in a 0% oxygen partial pressure environment, having a thickness in the range of 5 to 50 nm. Then, post-annealing in an O2 atmosphere (Step 1608) includes annealing at a temperature in the range between 500 and 800 degrees C., for a time duration in the range between 5 to 60 minutes.

In a different aspect, Step 1604 forms an InOx film in an oxygen partial pressure environment in the range between 0.01 and 60%, having a thickness in the range of 10 to 100 nm. Then, Step 1608 anneals at a temperature in the range of 400 to 800 degrees C., for a time duration in the range between 5 and 60 minutes.

In one aspect, forming a film including In overlying a substrate material in Step 1604 includes forming a film having a sheet resistance that decreases in response to increased sputtering power. For example, the film may have a sheet resistance in the range of 200 to 2000 ohms/sq. Note, these sheet resistance values change as a result of post-annealing.

In one aspect, Step 1604 forms a film having larger crystal grains in response to increased substrate temperatures (Step 1606). For example, a film can be formed having crystal grains with a size in the range of 3 to 30 nm. In some aspects, forming a film including In overlying a substrate material (Step 1604) includes forming a film overlying a substrate material such as Pt, Ir, other noble metals, Si, high-k oxides, or SiO₂.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating the present invention method for forming a 1T memory device using an In₂O₃ film as a gate insulator replacement material. The method starts at Step 1700. Step 1702 forms a CMOS transistor including source, drain, and channel regions in a substrate. Step 1704 deposits an In film, using a PVD process. Step 1706 forms a film including In overlying the transistor channel region. Step 1708 simultaneously (with Step 1706) heats the substrate. Step 1710 post-anneals in an O2 atmosphere, following the formation of the In-including film. Step 1712, in response to the post-annealing, forms an In₂O₃ film gate insulator having a resistivity in the range of 260 to 800 ohm-cm. Step 1714 forms a gate overlying the In₂O₃ gate insulator. Step 1716 forms a ferroelectric film overlying the In₂O₃ . The ferroelectric is typically a material such as PGO, PZT, STO, SBT, SBTN, PLT, PLZT, or BTO. Step 1718 forms a top electrode overlying the ferroelectric film.

In some aspect a further step (not shown), Step 1703 deposits a material, interposed between the channel region and the In₂O₃ film. This material is typically Pt, Ir, other noble metals, high-k oxides, or SiO₂. However, other materials are also possible.

When Step 1714 forms a gate channel length of 0.1 micron, then Step 1712 forms an In₂O₃ gate insulator having a resistivity of 700 ohm-cm. When Step 1714 forms a gate channel length of 100 microns, Step 1712 forms an In₂O₃ gate insulator having a resistivity of 300 ohm-cm. When Step 1714 forms a gate channel length in the range of 1 to 10 microns, Step 1712 forms an In₂O₃ gate insulator having a resistivity in the range of 400 to 300 ohm-cm.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating the present invention method for forming a 1T memory device using an In₂O₃ film as an insulator. The method starts at Step 1800. Step 1802 forms a CMOS transistor gate region in a substrate. Step 1804 deposits an In film, using a PVD process. Step 1806 forms a film including In overlying the gate region. Step 1808 simultaneously (with Step 1806) heats the substrate material. Step 1810 post-anneals in an O₂ atmosphere, following the formation of the In-including film. Step 1812, in response to the post-annealing, forms an In₂O₃ film overlying the gate having a resistivity in the range of 260 to 800 ohm-cm. Step 1814 forms a ferroelectric film overlying the In₂O₃ selected from the group including PGO, PZT, STO, SBT, SBTN, PLT, PLZT, and BTO. Step 1816 forms a top electrode overlying the ferroelectric film.

In some aspects, Step 1813 deposits a material, interposed between the ferroelectric memory cell film and the In₂O₃ film, selected from the group including Pt, Ir, other noble metals, Si, high-k oxides, and SiO_(2.)

When Step 1802 forms a gate channel length of 0.1 micron, Step 1812 forms an In₂O₃ film having a resistivity of 700 ohm-cm. When Step 1802 forms a gate channel length of 100 microns, Step 1812 forms an In₂O₃ film having a resistivity of 300 ohm-cm. When Step 1802 forms a gate channel length in the range of 1 to 10 microns, Step 1812 forms an In₂O₃ film having a resistivity in the range of 400 to 300 ohm-cm.

1T memory devices using an In₂O₃ film as a gate insulator, an In₂O₃ film structure, and corresponding fabrication processes have been described. Various substrates materials have been used to illustrate the invention, but the invention is not necessarily limited to the use of these materials. Likewise, specific resistivity values have been cited for particular channel lengths, but the invention is not limited to these values. Other variations and embodiments of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art. 

1-24. (canceled)
 25. A one-transistor (1T) memory device using an indium oxide (In₂O₃ ) film as a gate insulator, the device comprising: a CMOS transistor gate, source, drain, and channel regions; a gate insulator formed from an In₂O₃ thin film, interposed between the channel region and the gate, having a resistivity in the range of 260 to 800 ohm-cm; a memory cell film overlying the gate electrode; and, a top electrode overlying the memory cell film.
 26. The device of claim 25 wherein the In₂O₃ thin film includes crystals having a grain size in the range of 3 to 30 nanometers (nm).
 27. The device of claim 25 wherein the In₂O₃ thin film has a thickness in the range 5 to 100 nm.
 28. The device of claim 25 further comprising: a material, interposed between the channel and the In₂O₃ film, selected from the group including platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), other noble metals, silicon (Si), high-k oxides, and silicon dioxide (SiO₂).
 29. The device of claim 25 wherein the gate has a gate channel length of 0.1 micron; and, wherein the In₂O₃ film gate insulator has a resistivity of 700 ohm-cm.
 30. The device of claim 25 wherein the gate has a gate channel length of 100 microns; and, wherein the In₂O₃ film gate insulator has a resistivity of 300 ohm-cm.
 31. The device of claim 25 wherein the gate has a gate channel length in the range of 1 to 10 microns; and, wherein the In₂O₃ film gate insulator has a resistivity in the range of 400 to 300 ohm-cm.
 32. A one-transistor (1T) memory device using an indium oxide (In₂O₃ ) film as an insulator, the device comprising: a CMOS transistor gate, source, drain, and channel regions; an insulator formed from an In₂O₃ thin film overlying the gate, having a resistivity in the range of 260 to 800 ohm-cm; a memory cell film overlying the In₂O₃ thin film; and, a top electrode overlying the memory cell film.
 33. The device of claim 32 wherein the In₂O₃ thin film includes crystals having a grain size in the range of 3 to 30 nanometers (nm).
 34. The device of claim 32 wherein the In₂O₃ thin film has a thickness in the range 5 to 100 nm.
 35. The device of claim 32 further comprising: a material, interposed between the memory cell film and the In₂O₃ film, selected from the group including platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), other noble metals, silicon (Si), high-k oxides, and silicon dioxide (SiO₂).
 36. The device of claim 32 wherein the gate has a gate channel length of 0.1 micron; and, wherein the In₂O₃ film has a resistivity of 700 ohm-cm.
 37. The device of claim 32 wherein the gate has a gate channel length of 100 microns; and, wherein the In₂O₃ film has a resistivity of 300 ohm-cm.
 38. The device of claim 32 wherein the gate has a gate channel length in the range of 1 to 10 microns; and, wherein the In₂O₃ film has a resistivity in the range of 400 to 300 ohm-cm.
 39. An indium oxide (In₂O₃) film structure comprising: a substrate; and, an In₂O₃ film overlying the substrate having a resistivity in the range of 260 to 800 ohm-cm.
 40. The In₂O₃ film structure of claim 39 wherein the substrate is selected from the group including platinum (Pt), iridium (Ir), other noble metals, silicon (Si), high-k oxides, and silicon dioxide (SiO₂). 